A Review of Ethical Teachings in Kamal-Nameh by Khwaju Kermani Based on Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

Abstract

Ethical teachings constitute one of the significant and attainable foundations of self-actualization and personality development. Kamal-Nameh, recognized as the fourth major work of Khwaju Kermani, portrays the process of personal evolution through a symbolic and allegorical language. Drawing upon ethical principles within Abraham Maslow’s theory of self-actualization, this masnavi connects the characteristics of the fully developed human being with moral values. In Kamal-Nameh, Khwaju Kermani discusses diverse ethical teachings whose practical application leads to self-realization and personality growth. Within the field of psychology, Abraham Maslow, through his theory of self-actualization, introduced the defining characteristics of the self-actualized individual, many of which are closely associated with ethical conduct. Using library-based sources and a descriptive–analytical method, the present study compares Khwaju’s ethical perspectives with Maslow’s theoretical viewpoints in order to identify which ethical indicators are considered factors contributing to human flourishing and psychological maturity in the thought of both Khwaju and Maslow. Khwaju’s ethical ideas can be categorized under three of Maslow’s principal characteristics: problem-centeredness, empathy, and a democratic character structure. Through these dimensions, the poet elaborates on teachings such as devotion to God and reliance upon Him, assisting others, the superiority of love over reason, criticism of worldly attachment, rejection of self-centeredness, the importance of virtuous companionship, and the cultivation of altruism and self-sacrifice, explaining their various aspects for the audience.