A Qualitative Analysis of the Meaning of “Taqarrub” (Spiritual Nearness) in Worship Practices with a Focus on Its Ethical Components

Abstract

This study aims to qualitatively analyze the meaning of “taqarrub” (spiritual nearness) in worship practices with a focus on its ethical dimensions based on lived experiences of devout individuals. This qualitative research employed thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 religious participants residing in Tehran, selected through purposive sampling with theoretical diversity. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis followed a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective) using NVivo software. Findings revealed that “taqarrub” is perceived as a multi-dimensional and deeply ethical phenomenon. Three main themes emerged: “inner experience of taqarrub,” “ethical components of taqarrub,” and “the role of worship in moral development.” Subthemes included spiritual presence, sincerity in intention, humility, empathy, and moral purification through prayer. Participants perceived taqarrub not only as a devotional state but as a transformative moral and social process. This study concludes that worship practices foster genuine taqarrub only when accompanied by pure intention, ethical self-awareness, and social commitment. Thus, taqarrub should be conceptualized beyond ritual formalities, as a moral, spiritual, and social journey. The results can inform Islamic education programs aiming to integrate ethics with spirituality.